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[1] History[edit] Greco-Roman antecedents[edit] Roman writers such as Horace extolled virtues, and they listed and warned against vices. His first epistles say that "to flee vice is the beginning of virtue and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom. "[3] An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins, each represented by an animal (clockwise: toad = avarice; snake = envy; lion = wrath; snail = sloth; pig = gluttony; goat = lust; peacock = pride). Origin of the currently recognized seven deadly sins[edit] These "evil thoughts" can be categorized as follows:[4] physical (thoughts produced by the nutritive, sexual, and acquisitive appetites) emotional (thoughts produced by depressive, irascible, or dismissive moods) mental (thoughts produced by jealous/envious, boastful, or hubristic states of mind) The fourth-century monk Evagrius Ponticus reduced the nine logismoi to eight, as follows:[5][6] Γαστριμαργία (gastrimargia) gluttony Πορνεία (porneia) prostitution, fornication Φιλαργυρία (philargyria) greed Λύπη (lypē) sadness, rendered in the Philokalia as envy, sadness at another's good fortune Ὀργή (orgē) wrath Ἀκηδία (akēdia) acedia, rendered in the Philokalia as dejection Κενοδοξία (kenodoxia) boasting Ὑπερηφανία (hyperēphania) pride, sometimes rendered as self-overestimation, arrogance, or grandiosity[7] Evagrius's list was translated into the Latin of Western Christianity in many writings of John Cassian,[8][9] thus becoming part of the Western tradition's spiritual pietas or Catholic devotions as follows:[4] Gula (gluttony) Luxuria/Fornicatio (lust, fornication) Avaritia (greed) Tristitia (sorrow/despair/despondency) Ira (wrath) Acedia (sloth) Vanagloria (vain, glory) Superbia (pride, hubris) In AD 590, Pope Gregory I revised the list to form a more common list. [10] Gregory combined tristitia with acedia and vanagloria with superbia, adding envy, which is invidia in Latin. [11][12] Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory's list in his Summa Theologica, although he calls them the "capital sins" because they are the head and form of all the other sins. [13] Christian denominations, such as the Anglican Communion,[14] Lutheran Church,[15] and Methodist Church,[16] still retain this list, and modern evangelists such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins. [17] Historical and modern definitions, views, and associations[edit] According to Catholic prelate Henry Edward Manning, the seven deadly sins are seven ways of eternal death. [18] The Lutheran divine Martin Chemnitz, who contributed to the development of Lutheran systematic theology, implored clergy to remind the faithful of the seven deadly sins. [19] Listed in order of increasing severity as per Pope Gregory I, 6th-century A. D.
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