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July 13, 2009). "Samurai Champloo: The Complete Collection". DVDTalk. Archived from the original on July 17, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2022. ^ a b c d e Browne, Nick. "Review: Samurai Champloo". THEM Anime.
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Streaming and Spotify Charts". ComicBook. com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu (April 28, 2023). "Oshi no Ko Anime Opening Theme Reaches 100 Million Combined Views and Streams Worldwide". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ Trust, Gary (June 5, 2023).
[21] In 1917, the first professional and publicly displayed
works began to appear; animators such as Ōten Shimokawa, Seitarō Kitayama, and Jun'ichi Kōuchi (considered the "fathers of anime") produced numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is Kōuchi's Namakura Gatana. [22] Many early works were lost with the destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. [23] By the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the live-action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as Disney, and many animators, including Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata, continued to work with cheaper cutout animation rather than cel animation. [24] Other creators, including Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, nevertheless made great strides in technique, benefiting from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce educational
shorts and propaganda. [25] In 1940, the government dissolved several artists' organizations to form the Shin Nippon Mangaka Kyōkai. [a][26] The first talkie anime was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka (1933), a short film produced by Masaoka. [27][28] The first feature-length anime film was Momotaro: Sacred Sailors (1945), produced by Seo with a sponsorship from the Imperial Japanese Navy. [29] The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated advertisements created for television. [30] Modern era Frame from the opening sequence of Tezuka's 1963 TV series Astro Boy In the 1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and simplified Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and limit frame counts in his productions. [31] Originally intended as temporary measures to allow him to produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced staff, many of his limited animation practices came to define the medium's style.
