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While accepting that the evidence indicates that such discrimination does occur, the authors argue that it has been pervasive throughout history and that
judgments of aesthetics appear to be a biological adaptation (rather than culturally conditioned) to aid reproduction, survival, and social interaction, allowing people to determine viable mates (level of
attractiveness being indicative of health) and the status of others as "friend or enemy, threat or opportunity". The authors also argue that if physical attractiveness can improve a company's success, then awarding people for it is justifiable, as the trait is thus relevant to the job and discrimination only occurs when irrelevant traits are used. In addition, the authors question the practicality of both redressing any injustices based on lookism and of determining whether such injustices have in fact occurred. Thus the authors conclude that there can be no clear model of injustice in such discrimination, nor would legislation to address it be practicable – "We do not see how any policy interventions to redress beauty discrimination can be justified. "[32] Nancy Etcoff, author of Survival of the Prettiest, argues that human preference for attractiveness is rooted in evolutionary instinct and that trying to prevent it from influencing people would be "telling them to stop enjoying food or sex or novelty or love" and thus argues that "being beautiful and being prized for it is not a social evil. "[33][failed verification] Political lookism[edit] Lookism has been an issue in politics for centuries, with a long tradition in the United Kingdom of "mercilessly exaggerat[ing]" the physical flaws of politicians in newspaper cartoons. [34] In the 1960 US Presidential race between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, it was often believed that Kennedy's more conventionally handsome appearance contributed to his winning more approval in their first televised debate,[35] but some researchers have challenged this widespread idea and argued that Kennedy's appearance had little or no influence. [36] More broadly, research in countries such as Germany,[37] Canada,[38] the United States,[39] and the United Kingdom[40] has found that more attractive candidates benefit from their appearance by getting more votes in elections, and by being more often forgiven for scandals. [41] In terms of vote choice, at least, the effect of lookism is not even across all contexts. Rather, it appears to primarily matter in cases where voters have low-information elections where voters may have little other to base their vote on (such as non-partisan elections with little media coverage),[39] first-past-the-post elections where voters chose a single candidate,[42] and in elections that are candidate-centered with a weak party system.
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STONE 1" (in Japanese). Shueisha. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
Retrieved April 4, 2007. ^ "Fighting Spirit - (V. 1) The
First Step". Geneon Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 20, 2006. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ #25(3/29放送)「誓い」 (in Japanese).
Nippon TV. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2020. ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (October 4, 2013).
