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[12] In English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun. (For example: "Do you watch anime?" or "How much anime have you collected?")[14][15] As with a few other Japanese words, such as saké and Pokémon, English texts sometimes spell anime as animé (as in French), with an acute accent over the final e, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as English orthography may suggest. Prior to the widespread use of anime, the term Japanimation, a portmanteau of Japan and animation, was prevalent throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began to supplant Japanimation;[16] in general, the latter term now only appears in period works where it is used to distinguish and identify Japanese animation. [17] History Main article: History of anime Precursors Emakimono and shadow plays (kage-e) are considered precursors of Japanese animation. [18] Emakimono was common in the eleventh century. Traveling storytellers narrated legends and anecdotes while the emakimono was unrolled from the right to left in chronological order, as a moving panorama. [18] Kage-e was popular during the Edo period and originated from the shadow plays of China. [18] Magic lanterns from the Netherlands were also popular in the eighteenth century. [18] The paper play called kamishibai surged in the twelfth century and remained popular in the street theater until the 1930s. [18] Puppets of the Bunraku theater and ukiyo-e prints are considered ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation.
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