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[134] The film had a significant effect on popular culture worldwide. The film led the way for the growth in popularity of anime outside Japan as well as Japanese popular culture in the Western world. Akira is considered a forerunner of the second wave of anime fandom that began in the early 1990s and has gained a massive cult following since then. It is credited with setting the scene for anime franchises such as Pokémon, Dragon Ball and Naruto to become global cultural phenomena. [12][3] According to The Guardian, the "cult 1988 anime taught western film-makers new ideas in storytelling, and helped cartoons grow up". [135] Akira has influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television, and video games. [12][3] It inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and anime series such as Ghost in the Shell, Battle Angel Alita, Cowboy Bebop, Serial Experiments Lain,[11] and Elfen Lied,[136] live-action Japanese films such as Tetsuo: The Iron Man,[137] and video games such as Hideo Kojima's Snatcher[138] and Metal Gear Solid,[11] and Squaresoft's Final Fantasy VII. [139] Outside of Japan, Akira has been cited as a major influence on Hollywood films such as The Matrix,[140] Dark City,[141] Kill Bill,[142] Chronicle,[143] Looper,[144] The Dark Knight,[145] Midnight Special, Inception,[3] Godzilla,[146] Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse,[147] and Puss in Boots: The Last Wish,[148] television shows such as Batman Beyond and Stranger Things,[136] and video games such as Core Design's Switchblade,[149] Valve's Half-Life series,[150][151] and Dontnod Entertainment's Remember Me. [152] John Gaeta cited Akira as artistic inspiration for the bullet time effect in The Matrix films. [140] Akira has also been credited with influencing the Star Wars franchise, including the prequel film trilogy and the Clone Wars film and television series. [153] Todd McFarlane cited Akira as an influence on HBO animated television series Spawn.
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