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[18] The paper play called kamishibai surged in the twelfth century and remained popular in the street theater until the 1930s. [18] Puppets of the Bunraku theater and ukiyo-e prints are considered ancestors of characters of most Japanese animation. [18] Finally, manga were a heavy inspiration for anime. Cartoonists Kitzawa Rakuten and Okamoto Ippei used film elements in their strips. [18] Pioneers A frame from Namakura Gatana (1917), the oldest surviving Japanese animated short film made for cinemas Animation in Japan began in the early 20th century, when filmmakers started to experiment with techniques pioneered in France, Germany, the United States, and Russia. [19] A claim for the earliest Japanese animation is Katsudō Shashin (c. 1907),[20] a private work by an unknown creator. [21] In 1917, the
first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear; animators such as Ōten Shimokawa, Seitarō Kitayama, and Jun'ichi Kōuchi (considered the "fathers of anime") produced numerous films, the oldest surviving of which is Kōuchi's Namakura Gatana. [22] Many early works were lost with the
destruction of Shimokawa's warehouse in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. [23] By the mid-1930s, animation was well-established in Japan as an alternative format to the live-action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers, such as Disney, and many animators, including Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata, continued to work with cheaper cutout animation rather than cel animation.
Newtype listed it as having a Japanese television rating of 10. 5 for the fourth quarter of 2000. [175] The show's viewership was ranked number six among the top ten anime television series in Japan for February 2001. [176] The series was voted as the 16th best anime of 2000 in the Anime Grand Prix, but rose to fourth place the following year. [177][178] In 2001, the staff of the magazine listed Hunter × Hunter as the 94th most important anime of all time. [179] In a 2006 web poll conducted in Japan by the network TV Asahi, the Hunter × Hunter television series was voted 28th best anime of all time. [180] In 2010, Mania. com's Briana Lawrence listed Hunter × Hunter at number nine of the website's "10 Anime Series That Need a Reboot". [181] Critical reception for the first Hunter × Hunter television adaptation has been generally favorable. Miyako Matsuda of Protoculture Addicts, Carl Kimlinger of the Anime News Network, and Derrick L. Tucker of THEM Anime Reviews all expressed positive views of the series' narrative and characters.
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